In the decade between 2010 and 2019, the global telecommunications industry grew rapidly, powering the global digital economy, improving connectivity and driving globalisation. More recently, data from the Global System for Mobile Communications Association (GSMA) revealed that the industry GDP grew at a 5- year CAGR of 5.5% to $4.1tn in 2019. The industry accounted for 4.7% of global GDP relative to 4.2% recorded in 2015. The rapid explosion of the digital economy has led to even greater competition and shifting customer needs, with operators having to expand their service portfolios and sustaining capital expenditure for facility and network upgrades to boost capacity and meet demand.